Alfredo Bengzon, Alberto Romualdez Jr. Tan, who served as Health secretary under President Fi- del V. Ramos, noted that the health budget should not just focus only on treating the sick because most of the population is healthy. Health promotion ensures that all Filipinos can benefit from The right to health is for everyone and health promotion ensures that all Filipinos have access to it.
A study by the Health Depart- ment showed that nine out of every 10 Filipinos have at least one risk factor that could lead to non-communicable diseases. These risk factors include to- bacco use, hypertension, and obesity and could lead to life- threatening conditions that are costly to treat. Health promotion could ease the burden of treating the ill by reducing the number of people getting sick and seeking medical attention, the former Health sec- retaries said.
The Philippine Medical Asso- ciation, the umbrella organiza- tion of all medical societies in the country with a total member- ship of 70,, called for the pas- sage of the sin tax bill before it is too late. We value the health of our youth and we are confident that the passage of this bill would not just help smokers quit but also ensure that our children would not be able to afford the habit of smoking and drinking too much alcoholic beverages, said the PMA in a statement issued Sun- day.
The morbidity and mortality due to diseases related to smok- ing and drinking are tremendous, the group said. We can benefit from a health- ier and cleaner air if there were [fewer] Filipinos smoking. Sad- ly, the poor are the ones mostly affected by smoking-related dis- eases, the PMA said.
As the Senate committee of ways and means prepared to vote today, members of the Northern Alliance in the House of Repre- sentatives warned those seeking re-election that there would be a price to pay in next years elec- tion if they voted for higher ex- cise taxes.
La Union Rep. Victor Ortega, the alliance president, made the statement, saying it is but natu- ral for tobacco farmers to declare who they will support during the coming polls. Of course they will support those who have been considerate of their plight in making a deci- sion on the sin tax bill, Ortega said. It is but natural also for these tobacco farmers to say they will reject senatorial bets who will support a sin tax bill version that will adversely affect the farm- ers plight.
On the other hand, you can expect these farmers to support candidates who sym- pathized with them in the fight against hefty excise tax rates, Ortega added.
Ortega said the voting power of tobacco farmers should not be underestimated, noting that the eight major tobacco-producing provinces form a vote-rich re- gion with at least 4. This could easily translate to one million votes if voting members of their families are included, he said.
Nueva Vizcaya Rep. Carlos Padilla, one of the 21 congress- men who voted against the House version of the bill, said the legislation is certainly an elec- tion issue in tobacco-producing provinces. The House-approved version of the sin tax bill pro- vides an estimated P It is inevitable that these af- fected sectors during the May elections will manifest their unfavorable sentiment against re-electionist senators who will support a tax bill that imposes drastic and immediate increases in the rates, Padilla added.
A big workers group also warned lawmakers of railroad- ing the passage of the sin tax bill, saying it could lead to mass lay- offs and the loss of jobs. The Bukluran ng Manggagawa said lawmakers should prove their independence, not only from Malacanang, but also from the International Monetary Fund, which supports more new taxes, including a levy on telecommu- nication services.
With Vito Barcelo Solon On Monday, Santiago said she would file a resolution directing the secretary of For- eign Affairs to give the United States notice of the termination of the Visiting Forces Agree- ment.
This [the alleged dumping of toxic waste in Subic] will not affect the ongoing consul- tation and dialogue between our military and US military officials, Dellosa said. Senator Edgardo Angara said it was all right to demand a cleanup of the toxic waste sup- posedly dumped in Subic, but he disagreed that the Visiting Forces Agreement should be abrogated. Contrary to what Senator Miriam is saying, we should take care of our relations with America, Angara said.
We cannot afford to lose the United States as an ally. Judging from the track record of our government Gapulao, group national chairman Vencer Crisostomo said. Santiago said the joint reso- lution calling for the scrapping of the VFA would be treated as a bill passed by the two cham- bers of Congress.
She said neither the Philip- pines nor the US needed to cite a basis to comply with any prerequisite to terminate the agreement. One party will simply no- tify the other in writing that it desires to terminate the agree- ment, she said.
Casio said he welcomed Santiagos renewed call for the immediate dumping of the VFA. We have always been con- sistent in our call to junk the VFA since it was implemented in , he said. In fact in the 15th Congress alone we have at least four House resolutions calling for an investigation of the VFA and its termination. Akbayan Rep. Walden Bello on Sunday said he was willing to share with the Senate his findings on the waste-dumping incident.
Aquino said maritime se- curity and cooperation would ensure freedom of navigation as well as maintain peace and sta- bility in the region. My country supports its effec- tive implementation, which will highlight the fruits of collective dialog, strengthen our resolve and reaffirm our respect for interna- tional law such as the United Na- tions Convention on the Law of the Seas, the President said. Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen said regional peace and security would be indispensable for Aseans inclusive growth.
We should continue to work together to maintain Asean cen- trality in the regional architec- ture, Sen said. President Yudhoyono said we should maintain calm and exer- cise self-restraint, while Prime Minister Nguyen reiterated the significance of the Declaration on the Code of Conduct and the [future] Code of Conduct in ensuring maritime security and safety, Coloma said.
Prime Minister Lee called for countries to exercise maximum restraint and refrain from pro- vocative actions and initiate dis- cussions with China on the Code of Conduct. The disputes over South China Sea territories were expected to overshadow a summit of South- east Asian countries that opened Saturday, with host Cambodia seeking damage control after the previous regional meeting it hosted collapsed over how to handle the territorial conflicts in- volving China.
Foreign ministers of the member Association of Southeast Asian Nations met at a convention center in the Cam- bodian capital of Phnom Penh, where about 10, troops and police were deployed to guard the biggest international gather- ing the country has hosted in re- cent history.
Army commandos, armed with machine guns and donning knee and elbow pads, prowled around the venue. With the AP and Bloomberg Asian President Benigno Aquino III said the declaration will be able to provide more protection to Filipino overseas workers in the region from trafficking in per- sons among other cross-border violations. Philippine diplomat Rosario Manalo lauded the regions less democratic governments for signing the pact. Founded in as an anti- communist bloc in the Cold War era, ASEAN has taken feeble steps to address human rights concerns in the vast region of million people, adopting a charter in where it commit- ted to uphold international law and human rights but retained a bedrock principle of not inter- fering in each others internal affairs a loophole that critics say helps member states commit abuses without consequence.
In , the group unveiled a commission that was tasked to promote human rights but de- prived of power to investigate violations or go after abusers. Aquino said the agreement looks forward to the implemen- tation of instruments for the protection and promotion of the rights of migrant workers and their families, and for combating trafficking in persons. The main input of the Philip- pines was along the lines of mi- grant workers because, together with Indonesia, we have the most number of migrant workers.
He said. Whether you are in Sin- gapore or youre in Bangkok, you are assured that your rights will be respected by the host country. The text of the declaration was amended on Satuday to include the provision that Asean nations would implement the declara- tion in accordance to the interna- tional human rights declarations and standards.
Earlier, UN High Commis- sioner for Human Rights Nav- anethem Pillay said there was inadequate involvement of the public, including civil society groups, and that the draft fell short of universal values on hu- man rights. Pillay cited the clause on the right to life, which she said should not be contingent on do- mestic laws that can be used to justify state-sponsored violence Critics of the declaration were especially concerned over the provisions on public morality and national and regional par- ticularity which they say depart from fundamental human rights principles.
Asean secretary-general Surin Pitsuwan earlier admitted that the declaration was not perfect but it was a step in the right direction. AP, with Joyce P. Paares News ManilaStandardToday mst. The Peoples Coalition against Regressive Taxation displayed three caskets out- side the Senate to protest against increased taxes on cigarettes. By Gigi Muoz David THE government has launched an P11 billion hydro-electric plant and irrigation project in Cahag, Leyte that would irrigate 9, hectares of rice elds and supply electricity to at least 33, hous- es, ofcials said on Sunday.
Agriculture Secretary Pro- ceso Alcala said the Jalaur River Multi-Purpose project, which include construction of a hydro- electric power plant, got under- way last Thursday and was ex- pected to be completed in The river project currently provides irrigation to 22, hectares of rice elds in the area. The Jalaur Multi-purpose project would supply water to an ad- ditional 9, hectares of rice elds, Alcala said.
Agriculture studies show that the Philippines has 3. Ir- rigation allows farmers to have multiple harvests each year. There are about 12 hydro- electric plants in various prov- inces in the country. In addition to generating electricity, they provide year-round irrgation to farms and rice paddies in their respective areas.
Alcala said the Cahag mini- hydroelectric plant was expected to supply electricy to 33, houses and it will not only sup- ply water to Leytenos, it will also help solve the power problems in the area.
National Irrigation Adminis- tration head Antonio Nangel said the project would lead to savings for the government because it will extend service not only to farmers but also to residents as well. One project providing water and power to residents would mean big savings for the govern- ment, Nangel said.
NIA Region Six director Jer- ry Corsiga said residents were grateful to the national govern- ment for launching the project because it address a long-time need in the area. Govt opens Leyte irrigation project Remembering Gat. Andres Bonifacio. Shown in photo are ofcials of the Komite. Intramuros Administration ofcials release sky lanterns to celebrate the opening of the Artist haven and Art Festival by the National Commission on Culture and the Arts inside the walled city at the weekend.
We wont consolidate them. We will treat them separately, Arellano said, citing that Presi- dent Aquino gave them a one- week deadline to le charges in court. Amalilio was conrmed to have ed to Kota Kinabalu, Ma- laysia, but Rasuman has been under police custody since last week. Although most of their victims are residents of Paga- dian in Zamboanga del Sur, and the cities of Marawi, Iligan, Ca- gayan de Oro and Cebu, records of the case have been forwarded to investigators in Manila.
Amalilio and Rasuman prom- ised their victims mostly low- income earners a return of up to 40 percent of their invest- ments. Some victims committed suicide and others took revenge at the company agents when the money stopped coming as the scam collapsed. Cagayan de Oro prosecutor Fidel Macauyag said he deliv- ered volumes of records to the ofce of Arellano last Friday and initial investigation showed that the two groups used the same double-your-money scheme to attract investors.
He said Rasuman, son of a former Public Works ofcial, has denied the charges against him in a counter-afdavit led by his lawyers. Edgardo Angara criti- cized the manner investigators handled the case and said investi- gators should be discreet in their actions because they jeopardize their operations by announcing their plans to the media.
Investigators announced, for example, their plan to put the suspects under hold-departure and the result was one of the sus- pects escaped to Malaysia. They are bungling the whole process. They are not helping the victims, Angara said. My call to the National Bureau of In- vestigation, the police agencies and the Department of Justice is: Come out rst with results be- fore any publicity.
He urged Justice Secretary Leila de Lima to personally han- dle the case and widen the infor- mation drive of the Department of Trade and Industry and the Bangko Sentral to prevent the scam from happening again. He said the special task force created by the Department of Justice should hire nancial experts and tap expertise of the Finance Department and the Bangko Sentral because the case requires more just police work. They should think carefully about this.
The scam has a huge impact on our nancial system. This is hurting us because the victims are ordinary people teachers, farmers, sherman and market vendors, Angara said. By Rey Requejo and Macon Ramos-Araneta THE Department of Justice will make separate probes to speed up investiga- tion of two groups that duped thousands of people, mostly in Mindanao, in a P12 billion pyramiding scam, one of the big- gest in the country ever, ofcials said on Sunday.
By Jonathan Fernandez A BAN by the Department of Foreign Affairs against travel agencies providing assistance to clients in securing passports would force many of them to close down because a sub- stantial portion of their incomes comes from passport processing fees, said Robert Joseph of the Travel Cooperative of the Philippines.
He said Foreign Affairs has issued a direc- tive given travel agencies until December 31 to offer passport assistance services to their clients and restrict travel agency representa- tives from entering consular premises to as- sist their clients. The Foreign Affairs is killing the indus- try, especially the micro enterprises, Joseph said.
What they are doing is not only dis- criminatory, it is also against the law. The Foreign Affairs ban followed opening of consular ofces in malls to give people easy access to services of the agency, including pro- cessing and release of passports to applicants.
Joseph said travel agencies giving as- sistance to clients was provided by law and the agents will be responsible for presenting authentic documents to meet requirements of the Foreign Affairs. He said the Foreign Affairs limited travel agencies to ve percent of the daily demand for passport service in each consular ofce, which could result to tremendous backlog in their business. He called on President Aquino to lift the ban and the ve percent cap, adding: We are also asking small and micro travel agents to bring the issue to their congressmen so that proper action could be taken.
By Christine Herrera and Gigi Muoz David THE leftist Bayan Muna, facing a seri- ous challenge to its party-list accredita- tion, protested loudly to the Commis- sion on Elections Comelec for being compared to another leftist group with strong links with Malacanang, ofcials said on Sunday.
Neri Colmenares said his group represents the marginal- ized sectors and should not be compared to Akbayan, which is backed and is an adjunct of the Aquino administration. The Comelec is warned not to grant the lobby of the military to disqualify Bayan Muna, Colmenares said. Bayan Muna has a long track record of expos- ing abuses and corruption of government ofcials and disqualifying it will surely play into the hands of these military lob- byists.
President Aquino has appointed some Akbayan leaders to Cabinet posts. A promi- nent Akbayan member is running for sena- tor in next years mid-term elections under President Aquinos Liberal Party. Akbayan faced disqualication cases in the Comelec, which has disqualied 18 of 50 party-list groups in the House of Representatives.
Complainants said Akbayan no longer represents the mar- ginalized because its members occupy important government posts. Crisostomo said the Comelec should not lump Bayan Muna with Akbayan and other multi-sectoral groups because the complaint against Akbayan is not due to its being a multisectoral party but due to its being a party in power and its obvious government connections.
Secretary Rene Almendras said even while here Cambodia, Mr. Aquino has been monitoring the clash between the Israeli gov- ernment forces and Hamas militants. I think the only open border is the Egypt- Gaza border because the Gaza-Israel border is effectively closed, he said.
So if the Filipinos decide to move out, the Philippine Embassy in Egypt will be ready to handle them. Everybodys calling for a ceasere--a halt to try to defuse the situation, he said, noting that the government backed a halt to hostilities. Hindi ganun kadali mamalimos Its not that easy to beg , advocate John Leonar Monterona quoted a worker as saying. They claimed contract substitution, il- legal salary deduction, salary down grading, no sick leave, no medical and health insur- ance, delayed salary.
This much was apparent after President Benigno Aquino III last week allowedsome say conspired to bring about the murder of the freedom of infor- mation bill in the 15th Congress, despite his promise to make it a priority of his administration two years ago.
While his apologists might wish to deny such a promise was ever made, the inconvenient truth is that three weeks before his inauguration as President of the republic, then candidate Aquino vowed to make such a bill a prior- ity once he assumed ofce.
The documentary evidence of Mr. Aquinos broken promise is available to anyone with access to the Internet. Aquino is unequivocal in his support for a freedom of information bill, which had just been killed in the 14th Congress. Aquino also said on camera that such a law, which would lift the shroud of secrecy over government transactions and data, would be a more com- plete route than an executive order that Quezon Rep.
Lorenzo Taada III had urged him to issue at the time. Aquino added that his rst two years in ofce would be crucial in bringing palpable change in the way the government was run. But what a difference two years in power can make. Last week, Mr. Aquino stood idly by while his cohorts in the House of Representatives killed the bill in the committee on public information. The instrument of murder was none other than the chairman of the panel, Eastern Samar Rep.
Ben Evardone, who put the FOI bill as the last of eight items on the committees agenda. When the committee nally got around to discussing the bill, Evardone then allowed Nueva Ecija Rep. Rodolfo Antonino to chew up the precious time remaining to discuss his right-of-reply bill, which had already been taken up in an earlier hearing in March.
In the end, the committee ran out of time to discuss any substan- tive issues on the bill, and when a motion was made to put it to a vote, Antonino complained some more about how his bill had been ignored and moved to adjourn the committee hearing. Evardone agreed and the deed was done. A statement by FOI advocates puts the blame squarely on Mr. Aquino for his mindless con- cerns about the bill, followed by eight months of silence during which the President offered no se- rious endorsement for the legisla- tion.
The FOI bill is dead, actu- ally murdered [in] its tracks. Its butchers? The lackadaisical Evar- done. The mindlessly perorating Antonino. The President and his accid support. Belmonte, Gonzalez, and the Liberal Party leaders of the House, by propping and blessing Evardones duplic- ity on the FOI bill, the statement concluded. It was a shameful perform- ance all around that gave the lie to this administrations promise of transparency as a means to weed out corruption and bring about good governance.
As we review Mr. Aquinos many prom- isesincluding that one on the FOIwe recall the words of George Orwell, who said po- litical language He might as well have been writing about the Aquino administration.
It also posthumously honors deceased outstanding profes- sors. Dean Antonio Abad, a member of the Legal Education Board, describes them as professors who were never con- tent with a straight- forward commen- tary on articles of the law. They correlated articles, raised critical questions, traced the origins of provisions, expounded on the jurisprudence that had arisen from them and held no punches about ex- posing paradoxes. That is what it is to teach law in a grand manner, so far removed from the execrable method now so commonly adopted: memo- rization of articles and the mindless, uncritical parroting of jurisprudence just to be able to slither through the Bar Examination!
The selection committee was no less distinguished. I was honored to be a member of the commit- tee. Rod Sagum and Rovick Relleve, who work in the Board, served on the secretariat. And now, for the honorees, the magistri of the law. Joaquin Bernas, SJ is synony- mous with constitutional law in this jurisdiction, in that almost every law school of creditable standing recom- mends his book on the Constitu- tion as textbook on the subject.
As an active member of the Constitutional Commission the records of which attest to his fervent participation in debate, his grasp of the intricacies of the fundamental law has always been beyond contest! Aside from author- ing scholarly treatises on the constitu- tion and advising the Supreme Court in different cases involving the fun- damental law as amicus curiae, Fr. Bernas was dean of the Ateneo Law School. When he is asked the classic question that has no answer: What to you is the best form of government?
Justice Isagani Cruz is an expert in political law, but is also an expert on the English language. His col- umns, that used to appear regularly in Philippine Daily Inquirer, many times dealt on grammar and the pov- erty of expression that he rued about not only among lawyers and judges, but in those who should have known better. He taught law for 57 years -- which only means that he devoted the best years of his life and the prime of his youth to the formation of future lawyers.
He was not one to mince words, neither did he use them care- lessly however! Justice Os- car Herrera was a personal friend, because he and my father, Justice Aquino, were close friends.
He wrote and lectured frequently and well on remedial law, and for a long time, his multi-volume work on the subject was the authority for professors and judges alike. I asked him once why he refused to resume practice after retire- ment from the Court of Appeals. He told me candidly that he did not want to point out to judges, before whom he might appear, their errors in proce- dure! He was however never bossy, and he could always be relied on to give a quick answer to some proce- dural conundrum.
VV Mendoza was how ofcials of the Supreme Court called him, but for those who appeared in oral argument before the Supreme Court, he was the one unappable character who could be moved neither by attery nor by bluff. I remember him dressing down a lawyer who had cited a case about whose facts Justice Vicente Mendoza inquired. Clearly, the lawyer had not read the case, though he surely read an excerpt he thought favorable to his cli- ents case. Without emotion, but to the obvious embarrassment of the lawyer, VV Mendoza proceeded to summarize the facts the lawyer had so carelessly omitted that pointed to the inexorable conclusion that the citation found no application at all to the case argued.
It was Justice Vic who had very profound insights on legal education, and the cur- rent reform of the Bar Examination took off from his proposals to the Supreme Court. We dont know if the operation is still ongoing but until a couple of years ago, the cigarette smuggling had been ourish- ing from the Poro Point port in La Union and in the SBMA port in Subic.
The cigarettes smuggled from these Philippine ports are destined for the Peo- ples Republic of China where the coun- trys burgeoning middle class in a boom- ing economy have developed a taste for imported cigarettes other than their popu- lar locally manufactured Chunghwa and Double Happiness brands. China is a lucrative cigarette market with an estimated million smok- ers who smoke an estimated 1. The cigarette brands smuggled to China from the Philippines are the pop- ular premium brands preferred by Chi- nas smokers, principally State Express , Kool and Camel.
It is not known where these cigarettes shipped from the Philippines come from, whether they are brought in the coun- try as transhipment or manufactured in clandestine factories in the country. What is certain is that these smuggling operations are known and condoned by Philippine government ofcials. The smuggled cigarettes are brought to China via medium-sized fast patrol crafts powered by powerful engines.
These fast crafts, we are told, can outrun any and all of Chinas coastal patrol boats. The fast crafts make a couple of trips every week to China, lled to the brim with thousands of cartons of cigarettes. It is interesting to mention these Philippine-based cigarette smuggling operations because soon we would see similar operations with the Philippines no longer an origin but a destination once the sin tax bill, imposing as much as a 1,percent increase in taxes, is imple- mented.
It is doubtful whether the sin tax would be able to curb smoking. What is sure is that there will be a huge boost for cigarette smuggling.
Cigarette smug- gling will certainly ourish because it will become lucrative. If China with its tight security and efcient coastal border patrol is unable to curb the smuggling of cigarettes, then how can the Philippines control the ex- pected deluge of cigarette smuggling with our porous borders and a virtually unguarded coastline? Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? List of Tortallan Gods. View source. History Talk 0. Universal Conquest Wiki. Paul de Armond disputes this claim, noting "Other than this claim, there is no basis to believe this is so" [ 51 ].
ELF can either be seen as an evolution in the development of the "Leaderless Resistance" concept, or as one of the first true realizations of the concept. The information contained within EarthLiberationFront. The information, views and opinions contained within the information on EarthLiberationFront.
Indeed, if their claims of separation from their sources are true, then the press officers are actually functioning as activist journalists, not as terrorists. Nevertheless, their ability to publicize events "claimed" by "ELF" dramatically increases the media impact of these events.
The approach of the ELF press office has proven to be remarkably successful. They have been invited to appear at conferences, to speak on National Public Radio [ 60 ], and even to testify before Congress [ 61 ]. At the present time, there is no recorded case of a person being injured or killed as the result of an ELF-claimed action. This record may sound better than it actually is, since actions are only claimed after they occur.
Presumably, if someone were accidentally killed in an action, that action would not be claimed. ELF is more accurately described as a movement or a milieu, rather than an organization or a formal group.
ELF's Web site contains stirring admonishments for individuals to pick up arms and defend the environment through economic sabotage. No longer can it be assumed that someone else is going to do it. If not you, who, if not now, when? Alongside these news items is a link to download ELF's page guide, Setting Fires With Electrical Timers, a highly technical and accurate treatise on effective arson techniques, the construction of timers and igniters, and how to avoid getting caught.
The guide repeatedly stresses techniques that can be used to avoid leaving DNA evidence [ 64 ]. But ultimately, there is no way to know if the crimes attributed to ELF are actually the work of motivated sympathizers, or if they are acts of arson for other purposes e.
They could even be unrelated acts of arson that are claimed by the ELF because their circumstances match the ELF agenda. We encourage visitors to these websites to submit their opinions to the owners of the websites themselves" [ 67 ]. The administrator says that the Web site contributes to free speech and political discourse and will not be shut down unless EnviroLink is legally compelled to do so.
The registrant of the "earthliberationfront. The registrant's address is a post office box; the phone number listed in the registration has been disconnected. E-mail messages sent to the listed e-mail address were not answered.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation classifies ELF and ALF as examples of "special interest extremism" and states that they have "emerged as a serious terrorist threat" in recent years [ 70 ]. Most recently, activists have been setting fire to Sport Utility Vehicle dealerships [ 72 ].
The Earth First Web site is an example of "exhortation of the deed," says Chip Berlet, senior analyst of Political Research Associates, which monitors anti-democratic and authoritarian movements and trends. As more people are exposed to the message, says Berlet, more people are likely to be convinced. It is tempting to consider those engaged in ELF actions as criminals and copycats, rather than terrorists.
Certainly the victims and victims' communities feel terrorized. Even if they are the acts of teenagers engaged in "copycat crimes," as seems to be the case in the Long Island arsonists, who were motivated after reading press accounts and visiting the ELF Web site, why couldn't these teenagers be terrorists as well? For example, in Powder Burn: Arson, Money, and Mystery on Vail Mountain [ 74 ], author Daniel Glick argues that there are many possible suspects for the arsonists of at Vail Resorts, including ecoterrorists, environmental lobbyists, immigration workers, residents of Vail who resented the changes in the economy caused by the tourism industry, and others.
But even if ELF was not responsible for the Vail fire, ELF's claim of the fire gives it a powerful propaganda tool: a photograph of what appears to be the burning hotel appears on the front page of ELF's Web site. Even if people believing in ELF's ideology were not directly responsible for the fire, the existing of ELF and its ideology may have given the arsonists the additional motivation or cover to carry out the crime.
Would shutting down the ELF be an effective strategy for combatting the organization's actions? Certainly, eliminating this Web site would impede communication between ELF's autonomous cells. But even if the ELF Web site did not exist, ELF adherents could continue to communicate their actions to the public by sending messages directly to the media, or even anonymously posting messages in various public forums on the Internet. The U. The result would likely be a string of apparent "hate crimes" or isolated acts of terrorism carried out by individuals or small groups against U.
That is, the perpetrators are inspired to commit acts of violence by what they read or see, rather than being recruited into a terrorist organization, receiving training, and finally acting on orders. Propaganda has always been an effective tool for terrorist organizations.
When journalist Steven Emerson visited Abdullah Azzam's [ 76 ] son Hudaifa Azzam in Pakistan in , he noted "ten printing presses" that were part of Azzam's "jihad organization" [ 77 ]. These days, electronic media have made printing presses largely superfluous.
A survey of recent attacks in the U. Table 4: Islamic extremist terror attacks on U. Clearly, some acts attributed to "lone gunmen" are actually the work of a larger organization. Rabbi Meir Kahane was assassinated on 5 November by El-Sayeed Nosair; although police thought that Nosair acted alone, 47 boxes of evidence seized at Nosair's apartment indicated that he was part of an international terrorist movement that planned a range of attacks on U.
Nosair was arrested again in June for his participation in planning a "Day of Terror" with Sheikh Abdel Rahman [ 88 ]. Likewise, the bombers in the attack on the World Trade Center had access to apparently "unlimited funds" [ 89 ]; federal documents named unindicted co-conspirators in that attack [ 90 ].
But the existence of these cases does not contradict the thesis that a significant number of incidents do not appear to be centrally planned or coordinated.
After the attacks of 11 September , Network Analysis was proposed by many commentators as a powerful tool for fighting terrorist networks. Network analysis can be used to find points of vulnerability, such as highly-connected nodes called "hubs", that are critical for holding a network together [ 91 ]. Network analysis can also be used to identify nodes that were previously unknown.
Network Analysis was successfully used by French Colonel Yves Godard to break the Algerian resistance and end the insurgency's bombing campaign between and ; mapping was accomplished through the use of informants and torture much of it carried out by French Major Paul Aussaresses [ 92 ], [ 93 ], [ 94 ]. Link analysis, a form of network analysis, was used successfully by both MI5 and the IRA against each other in the s and s.
Link analysis was used to determine the identities of important individuals in the opposing organization; these individuals were then targeted for assassination, severing the links and disrupting the opposing network [ 95 ].
Malcolm Sparrow notes that the success of "removing one individual or a set of individuals from a network depends not only on their centrality, but also upon some notion of their uniqueness. The more unique, or unusual, their role the harder they will be to replace. The most valuable targets will be both central and difficult to replace" [ 96 ].
Links between terrorists can only be found if they actually exist. Traditional terrorist organizations have many links: Money, training, command, supplies, and recruitment [ 97 ]. Many of these links exist not for the commission of terrorist acts, but for the persistence of the organization itself.
Causes that employ Leaderless Resistance do not have these links because they are not organizations: They are ideologies. To survive, these ideologies require a constant stream of new violent actions to hold the interest of the adherents, create the impression of visible progress towards a goal, and allow individuals to take part in actions vicariously before they have the initiative to engage in their own direct actions.
Additional guidance is provided by:. Sergeants and Officers assigned to Patrol or to Traffic, or who regularly wear a uniform while on duty, will maintain a current Breath Test Program Permit. Only sworn personnel with a current Breath Test Program Permit will administer an evidentiary breath test. Note : If the subject requires immediate medical attention and is admitted to a hospital, state law does not require the law enforcement agency to guard the subject.
See See 6. If practical, officers seek a warrant for blood while the DRE is responding. Officers may seek a search warrant for blood without offering or administering a breath test under any of the following:.
Officers will document their decision not to offer a breath test in the report. Officers seeking an exigency draw, must articulate why destruction of the evidence is reasonably likely if a warrant is obtained.
0コメント